مجله رهیافت های سیاسی و بین المللی
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 25، بهار 1390)

As it is proofed, generational transformation influences social phenomena and therefore, though the Islamists usually pay less attention to ethnic, sexual, racial differences; they especially emphasize to absorb youth. Focusing on the contemporary Egyptian Islamism, the present study attempts to explore “how the generational transformation in Egypt has influenced Islamists’ actions and praxis?” In attempt to explore this, beside the Egyptian population and Islamists’ actions, I would argue about the concept of “Generational Object” (belonging to Christopher Bales) to examine the below hypothesis: “generational transformation in Egypt has influenced youth’s attitudes and interests. This persuaded the Islamists (as the Muslim Brotherhood –Ikhvan-al-Moslemin) to reflect on their ideas, praxis, and even goals in order to attract youth. Besides, other Islamist groups (as the Al-Jihad) which have kept themselves away from such reflection could not succeed in youth-absorption and were compelled to decrease their activities in Egypt”.

The political structure of classical Greece is interwoven with Polis but its definition poses some difficulties. In investigating the Polis or the rise of it, we are dealing not with an event but with a process that has continued over several centuries. The present article compares notion of Polis in Homer and Socrates. In doing so, we will start by and concentrate on two Homeric epics and Apology and Crito of Plato. It will be shown that Homeric polis is an early forerunner of the classical Polis. This Polis comprises of both “territory “and “town” and there are no written laws but much attention is devoted to observing customary norms and procedures and to protect justice. Accordingly, in Homer we see a weak degree of communal solidarity and loyalty. But in Crito Socrates says that every citizen should do whatever the state command him/her to do, while in Apology he says he would do philosophy even if the state forbade him. This is the main idea of the present article that Greek epic serves for politics more than philosophy.

Friedrich von Hayek, winner of the Nobel prize in 1974, is one of the only a few thinkers that because of multidisciplinary nature of his studies, has transformed different aspects of human knowledge and paved the way for many events in twentieth century thoughts. Hayek theories in defense of open society, free market, fundamental freedoms, and his intense hostility with totalitarian systems has made him a unique character. Because of the very deep thoughts of Hayek, it will be difficult to study his thought without knowing his epistemological influences that is a base for deep perception of all thinkers and is a base to appearance for cognitive instruments of thinkers. Therefore, this article is an attempt for rethinking of the main epistemological thoughts of Hayek that is based on denying a mere rationality and pure empiricism. Then he believes to a permanent relation between subjective and objective world based on a spontaneous order.

In the present article, two fundamental and important problems of liberal thought are considered. “Political affair’s shaky position” and “lack of positive value foundation” are two problems which have challenged frameworks of liberalism and liberal societies seriously. The important point is that “political theology”, is considered to be the element that has the necessary capacity to overcome these challenges. In other words, theological propositions can solve the above problems. In addition, the system of John Locke thought is regarded as the source in which theological propositions in political and philosophical theories are used vastly; and we also try to determine if it is possible to make use of his theological capacities in solving the problems in question. However, as it will be explained, although John Locke’s political theology can justify the political affair via a deistic reading, it has not the necessary requirements for establishing liberal society on positive value foundations.

This paper examines lingo – historical grounds of arising intellectual language in the west for the first time. Intellectual language and its concepts are used in the west, especially in the form of modern life. For this reason `intellectual language’ is not separated in terms of its common usage from its lingo-historical ground, means what we call it ‘modern life style’. Here, it is important to focus on transformation of Christian life style as a lingo / cultural ground which is a creator of modernity and intellectual language. In the other word, presenting intellectual language in modern life style is surrounded by special experience, the same Christian life style, as European historical – geographical field. Potential of this language comes from Christian culture and history, because it is supposed that Christian life style and language have capacity to create modern life style and intellectual language. Therefore, concentration on Christian life style and its evolution is a good entry to describe intellectual language in the west, and to gain given objective.

Considered as a fundamental virtue in the classical political thought, “friendship” even outshined the other virtues like “justice”. However, the dawn of modernity and the consequent epistemological rupture after the renaissance caused to the eclipse of the concept. But the renewed reflection of the philosophers as Nietzsche on “friendship” has lead to its revival. The French thinker, Jacques Derrida and the German one, Jürgen Habermas are the main contemporary philosophers which reflect on the matter, though in different approaches; while one pessimistically deconstructs the narrations of “friendship” during the history of political philosophy, the other introduces “solidarity” as a modern alternative for it which simultaneously cares for private and public rights.

This paper aims to study the security changes in the framework of the post-modern concept of security and also addresses the factors in the formation of these developments in the post-modern era. Since it is difficult to apply one special theoretical framework in the post-modern security studies, the paper attempts to address the security features in the post-modern era which are different from the past. Accordingly, efforts to identify and study the characteristics and features and factors that have played role in the security developments, is the overall view of this paper. The main questions which this paper tries to answer are: what are the changes of security in the post-modern era? And what are the factors of such developments? The findings of this paper indicate that the importance of mental security or the subjective feeling of security with the activation economic, political, cultural, environmental and especially social security in contrast with military security, with demolishing of the monopoly of state sovereignty and deconstruction of sate as a main factor for security and classifying state as a major factor for insecurity are the major developments in the security arena. These are the results of factors such as development of technology in various areas, rapidly growth of population, increasing the number of global actors, increasing the environmental risks, poverty and discrimination and collapse of the Soviet Union and end of the bipolar system.

“Do subordinate can speech?” this Gayatrispivak’s well-known question draws ttention, as a metaphor for the complicated relation between conscious explorer and unconscious subject of subordinate Histories, towards the known and problematized scope of “representation” and “representability”. In the context of such vision, the importance of the vanguard criticism of Edward Saeed about orientalism is investigating how the East is constructed by west, ie; attention to ways of representing affected the other discriminate logic, necessarily superiority / lowliness between itself and the other, that was always absent and it was not possible or it to speak; represent that was done on based on cooperation of knowledge and power. The west, in fact, seizure the east that orientalism was formerly grant mental visualization about it. This essay is seeking draw grant mental visualization about it. The monological orientalist discourse for Alternative knowledge, by deals with the modes of representing the East and traces-back its duration in some contemporary medieval picturing about East.